The third in the series on apologetics at Above Bar Church, Southampton. This one considers the charge that, in the words of Richard Dawkins, ‘religion is one of the world’s great evils’. The audio is not yet synchronised to the slides.

Handout available here.

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This article by first published in Idea magazine and on Culturewatch. © Tony Watkins 2009

Image courtesy Icon Film Distribution © 2009

As the world marks the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birth, his influence on the world is as enormous as ever. Whatever you think of his ideas, there’s no doubt that they have shaped science and profoundly affected many aspects of contemporary culture. Darwin’s meticulous work established the natural sciences as a serious scientific discipline for the first time. If this was Darwin’s only legacy, he would still be a towering figure in the history of science. But for most people, his name is linked only with On the Origin of Species.

The new film Creation tells the story of how Darwin finally came to publish it in 1859, and the struggles that led up to that point. He had arrived at the essentials of his theory at least seventeen years earlier, but kept his ideas to himself and a few friends. One reason he delayed was because he wanted much more supporting evidence. Earlier evolutionary ideas had been highly controversial; Darwin feared the response to his work, so he wanted to be sure he was on solid ground. He spent eight years studying barnacles.

Creation shows that Charles Darwin was also concerned about upsetting his wife, Emma. She knew his Christian faith was dwindling, and was concerned that his scientific desire for hard proof was making things worse for him. The film also stresses two other factors: the ill health that plagued him for the second half of his life, and his grief over the death of his beloved daughter Annie, shortly after her tenth birthday in 1851. This event brought to a tragic climax Darwin’s questions about the place of suffering in God’s creation and he eventually became an agnostic.

Image courtesy Icon Film Distribution © 2009

But he never saw himself as at war with God, much less that his ideas had killed God, as Thomas Huxley claims in Creation. The initial disagreement over On the Origin of Species was not primarily about what theological implications it may have had, but about whether or not the science was true. There were Christians and scientists on both sides of the debate.

A supposed conflict

From the beginning, though, a small minority was appalled by Darwin’s ideas while another minority seized upon them to support atheism. Today Darwin has become the focal point of a supposed conflict between science and faith, which he would have had no time for. He saw no reason for animosity between science and religion. Towards the end of his life, he wrote, ‘It seems absurd to doubt that a man may be an ardent theist and an evolutionist.’ Some people flatly deny Darwin’s statement. Many atheists – the best known being Richard Dawkins – maintain that evolution by natural selection in a godless universe is the only rational belief. Meanwhile, some Christians insist that belief in God is inconsistent with belief in evolution.

Between these two are many shades of opinion. Some Christians argue for intelligent design, for example, while others accept evolution as God’s means of creation and see no conflict with the Bible. And Darwin’s influence has gone far beyond biology, often in ways that he would object to. The concept of the ‘survival of the fittest’ has been used to justify various theories in the social sciences – anything vaguely to do with some kind of evolution. This nexus of ideas has become known as ‘social Darwinism’, though it has little or nothing to do with Darwin’s biological theory.

‘Survival of the fittest’ wasn’t even Darwin’s phrase, though he later adopted it. It was coined by economist Herbert Spencer in arguing for laizzez-faire free-market economics. Today, pundits discuss the credit crunch in Darwinian terms: if some businesses go to the wall, that’s just tough, because the fittest will survive.

An error in reasoning

Darwin’s ideas have been used to justify racism, though he was vehemently opposed to it, and eugenics, though he objected to any kind of government coercion. But these views don’t come out of Darwin’s work at all. They result from a basic error in reasoning: attempting to derive moral ideas of how human society ought to be from Darwin’s description of what he believed the biological world is like.

Whether or not ‘Darwin’s big idea’ is right, we must realise that it is rather limited. Yes, after 150 years it’s still a powerful theory for explaining biology, but as these misuses of it show, there are more important things at stake. Questions of morality and meaning are much more fundamental, but science can say nothing about them. Morality cannot be derived from biology, so where does it come from? It must come from something beyond us if it is to have any objective value. Otherwise society is at the mercy of its strongest members.

Atheist followers of Darwin believe that his ideas destroy the uniqueness of human beings, and that the meaning of life becomes merely passing on our DNA. Yet we instinctively feel that life is more than this. But where do meaning and purpose come from? Why, like Darwin, do we seek truth, rejoice in beauty and love deeply? The answer to these questions is the one that Darwin gave up on because of his grief. Only the existence of God allows for objective morality. Only God gives human life real meaning. Only God can make sense of suffering; without him it is utterly meaningless. And only God can account for the very existence of life.

Posted via email from Tony Watkins

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It has been a central plank of ‘new atheism’ that religion exists to fill a void in people’s understanding. Where no rational explanation seems to fit, so the argument goes, people create a new belief to explain something. So, for example, people did not know where the world came from, so they invented the creation story and a God to act as creator of it to fill that void.

This is flawed for a number of reasons, not least because it is perfectly possible to hold both the scientific rational explanation of how events occur whilst also holding a religious belief about the meaning and purpose of those events.

However, it also seems false to Mouse for a more basic reason. People believe all sorts of things. Some of the time we are sceptical to our bones. For example, yesterday Derren Brown successfully predicted all six winning lottery numbers before they were drawn. We’ll have to wait until Friday to find out how he did it, but as yet, Mouse has not heard anyone calling for him to be burned as a witch. Nor has Mouse heard of anyone falling prostrate before him in adoration of a deity. In other words, we don’t leap to a manifestly irrational belief simply because we can’t explain something.

In other instances, we do just that. Conspiracy theories abound about just about every notable event. Following on from the death of Michael Jackson, there have already been numerous ‘sightings’ of the King of Pop alive and well in various places around the world. Theories that he faked his death to escape debt and the burden of his upcoming tour are widespread and believed by a surprising number of people. It is said that 9 out of 10 people in America believe that John F Kennedy’s death was a conspiracy.

So what does all this prove. Mouse’s view is that it proves absolutely nothing. Whether people believe something or not does not make the slightest difference to whether that thing is true or not. The ‘new atheists’ need to move on from their simplistic and clearly flawed view. Christians, in turn, need to be better at explaining why they believe the existence of God and the divinity of Jesus Christ as the incarnate Son of God are objective truths.

H/T to David Keen for the Derren Brown story

H/T Church Mouse Blog

Posted via email from Tony Watkins

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